|
Number 3 2001 Page 1 International
News
|
Contents: Distinguished Pathologist's Award |
|
Distinguished
Pathologist's Award - Robin Arthur Cooke, OAM |
Dominic Spagnolo, Robin and Roma Cooke One of the more pleasurable aspects of this office is the privelege of honouring a member of our Division with the Distinguished Pathologist's Award. This award, which may be made once in each 2 year term at the discretion of the President, recognizes an individual's outstanding contributions to pathology and to the Academy. I did not have to ponder long to decide that Robin Arthur Cooke, OAM would be a most worthy recipient of this award. Robin was a founding member of this Division of the IAP in 1973. He has been an active contributor in all its activities at both national and international levels. After a period as Councillor for Queensland on the Board, he served as this Division's President in 1985 and 1986. By way of a much-abbreviated resume, Robin graduated MB;BS in 1959 from the University of Queensland, trained in pathology at the Mater Hospital in Brisbane and at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School in London, and was admitted as a Fellow of the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia in 1967. During this period he was a key figure in establishing laboratory services in Papua New Guinea. From 1968 to 1991 he was Director of Anatomical Pathology at the Royal Brisbane Hospital where he remains Emeritus Consultant, and he is Clinical Professor at the Graduate School of Medicine, University of Queensland. He acts as Visiting Senior Pathologist to several Queensland Hospitals and also has a part-time appointment at Queensland Medical Laboratory. By whatever measure, Robin's contributions to pathology, and to furthering the aims of the Academy and in particular those of this Division, have been considerable. While thinking about this citation, reading his curriculum vitae and reflecting on what I know of Robin personally, it occurred to me that Robin's achievements precisely fulfill all the ideals of the IAP espoused on the Academy's seal. The "IAMM 1906" on the seal refers to the original International Academy of Medical Museums founded in 1906, which became the International Academy of Pathology in 1955. I am not suggesting that Robin was a founding member in 1906! Throughout his career he has advanced the original aim of the IAMM which was to foster the interchange of museum specimens between leading medical museums for the advancement of pathology. Robin established the Pathology Museum in the Medical School of the University of Papua New Guinea in the 1960s, along with a substantial photographic teaching collection. Unfortunately the museum has had very little added to it after Robin ended his formal association with the Medical School. Robin also worked very closely with John Kerr, then Professor of Pathology at the University of Queensland, to develop what is arguably one of the world's best teaching pathology museums. Next we have the early 18th century Marshall-Hooke microscope symbolizing pathology and its history. RobinÕs professional life is certainly steeped in the discipline, not only from a broad diagnostic perspective, but also with special expertise in the pathology of tropical diseases, geographic pathology and the history of medicine and pathology. His numerous publications and invited lectureships and workshops around the globe are testimony to his expertise in these areas. His pioneering efforts in Papua New Guinea in the development of pathology and laboratory services, in setting up the pathology museum of the Medical School and instituting national training courses for laboratory technicians, are an indication of his deep commitment to pathology. The seal's heraldic lamp of learning symbolizes the pursuits of education, teaching and research by the Academy. Robin has an impeccable pedigree in these endeavours. His early career in Papua New Guinea yielded fruitful research in the regional pathology of such diverse diseases as amyloidosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, oral cancer and the elucidation of the pathology of Pig-Bel, an acute Clostridial necrotizing enterocolitis resulting from ingesting infected porcine flesh. He has always been an enthusiastic teacher at local, national and international levels. Undergraduate and postgraduate teaching flourished under his Directorship of the Anatomical Pathology Department at the Royal Brisbane Hospital and several distinguished Australian pathologists have come through that fertile training system. He has also lectured extensively and conducted many courses for pathologists in the South East Asian region over the years. His indefatigable efforts at College and IAP level are well-known to most in this audience. Among many other activities, he organised the first Quality Assurance Programme in Anatomical Pathology in Australia and New Zealand. Since 1985 he has organized the Postgraduate Education Programme in Anatomical Pathology for the Board of Education of the College (A.P.E.S.E). Never behind the times he has now branched enthusiastically into using digital technology as a medium for the teaching of pathology. In recent years he has been tutoring overseas doctors from different disciplines, helping them towards obtaining Australian registration. Most recently Robin's commitment to pathology education was recognized by the community in the 2001 Australia Day Honours List by being awarded an Order of Australia Medal (OAM) in the General Division "for service to medicine and medical education, particularly in the field of pathology". The final symbol on our seal is the globe, to signify the international character of the Academy. Robin's globetrotting and international networking are legendary. He has been Editor of our Division's Newsletter since 1989, and he has distinguished himself since assuming editorship of International Pathology, the news bulletin of the International Academy of Pathology. I have no doubt that the personal esteem in which he is held internationally played the major role in the outcome of this Division's successful bid spearheaded by Robin, to host the 2004 International Congress in Brisbane. Robin will be the first to tell you that his successes in no small measure owe much to having a wonderfully supportive family - Roma, his wife of 42 years, who is here today to see Robin receive this award, his daughters Deirdre and Margaret, and son Justin. It now gives me the greatest pleasure to ask Robin Cooke to accept the Distinguished PathologistÕs Award from the Australasian Division of the International Academy of Pathology. |
|
Speech in Response by Robin Cooke |
Mr President, colleagues, May I thank you, Dom, and through you, all the members of the Division for giving me this prestigious award. Thank you, too, for giving me the opportunity to make a short response. The direction of all of our careers is governed partly by chance happenings and partly by conscious decisions that we take. I made two important decisions about the time of my graduation in Medicine. The first of these was to ask a shy, retiring honours Arts student, a University Blue, and a former Queensland and Australian Swimming Champion, to marry me. She took the risk and said yes. She has put up with me ever since, and for this I am very grateful. The second decision was to become a pathologist rather than a surgeon, which was my initial inclination at graduation. That decision, too, I don't regret for one moment. I did my first year of Residence after graduation at the Mater Hospital in Brisbane. This was the smallest of the Teaching Hospitals but I had had very pleasant times there as a student and they offered terms in all the specialties. In my second year I became their Pathology Registrar. The path lab consisted in four very small rooms in the basement of the oldest building in the hospital. It was so crowded that people worked almost shoulder to shoulder. Jobs were done in batches. One plated the pus swabs and urines, cleaned up and did the WCC counts and haemoglobins, cleaned up and did the blood groupings and cross matches. I learned how to do all of these things. In another room the Biochemistry was done. Serum for each test was sucked up using mouth pipettes. This was delivered into a testtube. Then the reagents for the test - sugar, urea etc and the colour indicator were added, again by pipette. This was mixed and incubated in a water bath. The colour intensity was read in a photo-electric colorimeter. The values of test, blank and control were recorded, and using the appropriate formula, the result was calculated by multiplication and division (there were no calculators). The DCP course I attended at Hammersmith in London two years later was teaching manual methods, but Wooton and his team in Biochemistry were developing the first automated chemical analyser, which we were allowed to view. In Brisbane the laboratory technicians went to the wards to collect blood from patients. One syringe would be used for the whole morning. It was rinsed with alcohol between patients. A different sterile needle was used for each patient. After use, the needles were cleaned, sharpened, sterilised and used again - and again. Within a month or two of becoming Pathology Registrar at the Mater I became "the Pathologist" for the hospital and I was responsible for the Blood Bank as well. Drs George Taylor and Redmond Quinn were the unpaid Consulting Pathologists. One of them would visit for a couple of hours each morning to report with me the histology specimens and the bone marrows which I did and made a preliminary report before they came. Anatomical Pathology was in another tiny room. It housed the cutting and staining area and the single microscope which was used by the Registrar and the Visiting Pathologist. Another duty was to perform the autopsies (about 120 that year) on adults, children from the Children's Hospital and neonates from the newly opened Women's Hospital. On my biweekly afternoons off I supplemented my practical work by following the course in gross pathology being done by the medical students. I was very busy, and I was on a rather steep learning curve. The next year Roma and I went to Port Moresby. Two weeks after arriving I was appointed Acting Pathologist in Charge of the Pathology Services for Papua New Guinea. This was the beginning of yet another steep learning curve. My "laboratory" was more imaginary than real. Three expatriate laboratory technicians were appointed at about the same time as I was. There were about 15 Papuan and New Guinean staff. So we set about establishing a proper pathology service, first in the capital, Port Moresby, and then in each of the 6 regional hospitals and some of the smaller ones as well. As part of this development it was necessary to establish a training course for Laboratory Technicians. By far the most interesting and rewarding part of my job was the study and recording of the diseases which occurred in this stone-age people who had never before had any medical attention. At the end of my term I wrote an MD thesis on the Diseases of the People of Papua New Guinea. In the thirty years since then I have returned intermittently to teach and examine at the Medical School which was established during my term. So I have seen the changing pattern of disease as the culture changed and medical services became more readily available. These visits have given me the opportunity to have close contacts with students and graduates of two very different medical schools over a period of thirty years. Included in my duties in PNG were Forensic Pathology Services. I did post mortems on the frequent murders, suicides, traffic accidents and aircraft fatalities. This involved quite a lot of court appearances, and a lot of travel in small aeroplanes to some of the remote parts of the country. Sometimes these missions were quite exciting, even scary. During this time I had a lot of support from many people throughout Australia, particularly Vince McGovern in Sydney and Rolf ten Seldam in Perth. My appointment to the Royal Brisbane Hospital occurred at a time when there was a major turnover of jobs throughout the hospital, and the State Government was beginning to get money from mineral royalties. This resulted in a whole change in the culture of the institution and it was nice to be part of this new culture. Alastair Burry and I were appointed together. He was Director of Pathology and I was Director of Anatomical Pathology. My opposite number at the University was John Kerr who had just returned from his PhD studies in London. My first registrar, appointed at the same time as me, was David Weedon. The four senior pathologists in Private Practice - John Sullivan, Nick Nicolaides, Bruce Gutteridge and Bob Duhig each spent one session of about three hours in the Department each week. None of us knew each other before this. In a very short time we settled into an extremely harmonious working relationship and interpersonal relationship which has endured for over thirty years. The relationship extended to include the other pathologists in Brisbane as well - Jack Little and Redmond Quinn at the Princess Alexandra Hospital, John Bell at the Mater Hospital and John Tonge at the Institute of Forensic Pathology. The environment we created allowed us to pursue our interests and our talents, and I hope it allowed the younger colleagues who joined us to develop their talents and interests as well. Ten years ago I decided to take the Government's offer of an early retirement package to see if there was anything different that I could do before I got too old and too tired to be bothered. In this I have been extremely lucky. I have done quite a number of things that I would never have done from a hospital job as Dominic has outlined. Over the years I have been privileged to be invited into the homes of people in many different countries. Once I was the guest of a very senior Professor of Tropical Medicine in Amsterdam. After I had given my lecture at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, he took me to his office for a chat. There he invited me to examine the specimen under his microscope. It was a monocular microscope, vintage about 1900, with a substage mirror and an external light source. I said I thought the slide showed a male and female Schistosome in the rectal venous plexus. He said "Would you like to come home to dinner with my wife and me?" Obviously I had passed. We had a wonderful evening together. In my last thirty seconds I would like to demonstrate another party trick that has opened doors everywhere. For this I will need some audience participation. [To the amazement and amusement of the audience he then performed an Irish Tap Dance with the rhythm provided by the sound of clapping from the audience]. |
|
International Visitors by Dominic Spagnolo
|
Larry Weiss
Top: The Lymphoma Seminar Group on Sunday. L-R. Stephen Braye (Newcastle), Dominic Spagnolo (Perth), Colin Ades (Brisbane), Larry Weiss (Duarte) and Tony Leong (Newcastle). This is not Larry's first visit to Australia. In 1993 he was the University of Western AustraliaÕs Raine Visiting Professor, and in 1997 some of us had the pleasure of his erudition at the Lymphoproliferative Disorders Course on Heron Island, organized by Stephen Braye under the auspices of this Division. I know that Larry has acquired a soft spot for Australia after these brief encounters, although he has been known to be critical, in fact scathing, of the standard of baseball here, which nearly cost me my life one night. Larry is a New Yorker through and through. He had a distinguished undergraduate career and graduated MD from the University of Maryland in 1981, collecting the Faculty gold medal for medicine, the highest award given, and the award for the highest achievement in Pathology. After his pathology residency at the Brigham and Women's in Boston, in 1983-84 he undertook his Fellowship in surgical pathology at Stanford University, which was where I first met Larry. He immediately stood out for two reasons - he was not in the mold of some of the other muscular and towering sports jocks who were also Fellows at the time. But what stood out more was his clearly towering intellect, and that is no small statement given the highly talented bunch of co-Fellows who were there from other American schools, several of whom have gone on to high profile international careers themselves. While Larry excelled in all aspects of pathology it was clear to all that his main passion was going to be Hematopathology, and it is for his achievements in this field that we know him best. His rise through the ranks of Acting Instructor and Assistant Professor of Pathology at Stanford was meteoric, and he had a long and fruitful association there with the likes of Ron Dorfman and Roger Warnke. In 1989 he took up the position of Director of Surgical Pathology at the City of Hope National Medical Centre in Duarte, CA., and since late 1997 he has been Chairman of Pathology at that institution. His professional awards are too numerous to detail, and I will only highlight a few. He has been the recipient of the Benjamin Castleman Award from the IAP for the most outstanding paper in human pathology by an investigator under 40, and The Arthur Purdy Stout Award for the most outstanding paper by a surgical pathologist under 40. Clearly something terrible used to happen to pathologists after 40. But there appears to be some reprieve for in 1999 he received the prestigious Young Investigator Award from the US-Canadian Academy of Pathology for a body of work which has contributed significantly to the diagnosis and understanding of human disease by a pathologist under 45. Larry is on the editorial board of 10 leading pathology journals including Am J Pathol, AJSP, Hum Pathol and Lab Investigation. He is a sought after lecturer at local, National and International level having delivered more than 120 invited lectures and courses in pathology. His publications and book chapters are approaching 350, and include leading articles in the NEJM. We are all familiar with his excellent and essential bench monograph "Pathology of Lymph Nodes" and the AFIP fascicle on "Tumors of The Lymph Nodes and Spleen". To me his greatest contributions are undoubtedly in the areas of HodgkinÕs disease, peripheral T-cell lymphomas and Histiocytic and Dendritic cell disorders. Dr Stuart J. Schnitt, M.D.
The Breast Seminar Group on Saturday. L-R. Peter Robbins (Perth), Wendy Raymond (Adelaide), Michael Bilous (Sydney), Gelareh Farshid (Adelaide), Jane Armes (Melbourne), Stuart Schnitt (Boston). Dr Stuart Schnitt, M.D. was born in Brooklyn, New York. He completed his M.D. at the Albany Medical College of Union University having obtained his B.S. (Biology, "summa cum laude") from the Brooklyn College of the City University of New York. Dr. Schnitt undertook his post doctoral training in pathology at the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, which is now the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, where he is currently Senior Pathologist and Associate Director of the Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Centre. Dr Schnitt is also Associate Professor of Pathology at the Harvard Medical School. Dr Schnitt is regarded as one of the pre-eminent surgical pathologists of his generation, particularly in his field of special expertise - breast pathology. Dr Schnitt has contributed significantly to the study of breast disease, in areas of direct importance to the practice of surgical pathology but also in the wider context of the role the surgical pathologist plays in the multi-disciplinary management of breast disease. His extensive publication record includes significant contributions to topics as diverse as factors which determine local recurrence of breast malignancies following breast conserving surgery and post operative radiotherapy, assessment and classification of proliferative intraduct lesions and duct carcinoma in situ, the evaluation of the HER2/neu gene breast cancer specimens, assessment of prognostic factors and cytological touch preparations in breast core needle biopsies, breast cancer risk associated with breast forms of benign breast disease, breast cancer reporting practices and the pathology of mammographic screen detected breast lesions (to mention but a few). Dr Schnitt has won several prizes, including the prestigious Arthur Purdy Stout Society of Surgical Pathologists Annual Prize in 1999. He is a member of several national and international committees and professional bodies, and is an editorial board member of numerous eminent international surgical pathology journals. He is keenly sought internationally as a guest speaker and is widely renown for his excellent presentations. |
|
Annual Board Meeting 2001 President's Report |
1. General Communication over the last year with Board members and secretariat has been largely by telephone and email on a frequent basis The main matters have related to the organization of the 2001 Annual Scientific meeting, the contract with Intermedia (Professional Congress Organizer for Brisbane 2004 International Congress), acquiring the services of an outside agency to handle the meeting registrations (Tradevent) and the setting up of our Divisional home page. 2. Annual Scientific Meeting 2001 There have been no major problems with the preparations for this year's ASM. Both keynote speakers provided their slide seminar material and handouts in a timely manner. Dr Weiss additionally prepared a comprehensive handout for the inaugural Plenary Lecture. 2.1
Specialty Club Meetings The Lymphoma Club this year is being convened by Colin Ades as an interim arrangement, the new Urology Club convenor is Dr Geoffrey Watson after Dr R. Cohen indicated he would permanently step down as convenor after the 2000 meeting. Dr Frost has handed over the convening of the Orell FNA to Drs. Ann Finney and Judy Bligh. I have communicated with all club convenors indicating the expectation that the specialty clubs will take over the role of the previous thematic/didactic Friday morning sessions, such that the "approach to" and "recent advances in " aspects of the meeting would not be lost, particularly for registrars. Club convenors have been exhorted to ensure that meeting evaluation questionnaires are completed by as many delegates as possible. I would ask Board members attending the various specialty meetings to help the convenors in this regard as much as possible. 2.2
Plenary Lecture 2.3
Meeting Evaluation Questionnaires 2.4
International Guest Speakers Owing to a simple misunderstanding, Dr Schnitt was unaware that a handout was required for his slide seminar (this was explicit in my email of 13 November to him). He graciously agreed at the last minute to make available his powerpoint slides to be printed in lieu of the handout, accompanied by representative colour photographs. Under the circustances this is a very acceptable outcome. I invited both guest speakers to consider visiting other pathology departments as part of their itinerary. Dr Schnitt indicated that because of time constraints he would not be available for any other visits. Dr Weiss is coming with his wife, Tina, and they will be holidaying in Australia. I canvassed each state through the Board members and their College State Councillors to indicate each state's interest in Dr Weiss visiting as a College guest. Not surprisingly each state wanted Dr Weiss to visit. I relayed all this to Dr Weiss. He was touched by the response and was apologetic that he simply could not accommodate all requests, given that this was also meant to be a vacation with his wife. He indicated that following the ASM, he would spend time in Sydney and Newcastle, Brisbane then Perth where he would address the local pathologists and registrars. The local branches of the College would meet accomodation and sundry expenses to cover formal commitments to the local pathology communitites. 2.5
Scientific posters 2.6
RCPA Sessions 3. International Congress, Brisbane 2004 3.1
Congress Organization We have discussed the Organizing Committee structure for the Congress and both Robin and I have reviewed organizing committee structures from previous International Congresses (tabled for the Board's perusal). This Board meeting will endorse a final committee structure and establish clear lines of reporting with accountability. Robin will report separately on the developments of the last 12 months. 3.2
Intermedia Contract This caused further delays while the executive scrutinised the new contract. I corresponded by email with Mr Ray Shaw, Managing Director, Intermedia relating to some minor concerns in the new contract (correspondence with secretariat) which he addressed to my satisfaction. I signed the contract on May 28, 2001, witnessed by Peter Robbins. As an aside, Intermedia already have more than 40 clients on this contract, some being repeat clients. I have no doubt that Intermedia will discharge their obligations in a totally professional manner and the organization of the meeting will be second to none. Parenthetically, Intermedia have just won 2 National Excellence Awards at the Meetings Industry Association of Australia (MIAA) National Excellence Awards, the only company of this type Australia-wide to be recognised at this level. The awards were for "Meetings Management" and "Meeting of the Year" for Intermedia's management of the Brisbane 2000 International Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association 4th World Congress. Intermedia have now won 5 National and 10 State MIAA Awards. I wrote to congratulate Mr Shaw on Intermedia's achievement. 3.3
Nagoya Meeting 4. RCPA-IAP Relationship On 22/05/01, at my behest, I had informal, useful and very friendly discussions with Professor David Davies, President of the RCPA, in relation to the nature of existing arrangements between the RCPA and the Australasian Division of the IAP, and how they may change in the future. There has been a noticeable increase in our costs to the College over the last year or so. The College is considering the redevelopment of The Terraces (Heritage Listed), where the IAP secretariat is presently located. This is under the direction of the Assets Management Committee of the College (chair Peter Stewart). Possible outcomes for the College if redevelopment occurs are the development of a conference venue, offices for rental and so on. I stress that David made it clear these are only ideas the College is exploring in general terms at this time and no Executive decisions have been made. David made the reasonable point that the College needs to operate on a business footing, with a return on its investments and would look for income (on a profit basis) from future outside tenants. He indicated the "benevolent" approach to the two existing tenancies ie. the QAP and IAP, would in all likelihood be maintained. My understanding is that the College would need to recover costs from the IAP in terms of rental etc, but would not be looking at profit-making. We both saw the need to begin the process of unravelling precise costs to each organization, and that a new Memorandum of Understanding may be needed in the near future. We both agreed that future Presidents of both organizations need to be involved in the decision-making processes which are likely to affect the nature of the relationship between the two bodies, and we both saw advantages in preserving the close professional relationship already in existence. David indicated the College's intention to move the Annual Scientific Meeting from October to March, which would be of benefit to trainees in relation to the timing of the examinations. The College would probably hold meetings at Darling Harbour beginning 2002, and bring together the various update courses currently in existence. We also discussed the IAP International Congress in 2004, Brisbane. The College was in principle committed to holding their ASM conjointly with our International Congress, but would probably still run their update courses in March that year. David also suggested that the Visiting College Professor in 2004 should be selected with the conjoint 2004 meeting in mind. There would also be a concurrent meeting in 2004 of the International Liaison Committee of Presidents of Colleges of Pathology. Our discussion concluded at this point. The existing Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) between the IAP and RCPA was signed on 11 June, 1992 by RA Osborn, President of the RCPA and HK Muller, President of the IAP. There was provision for the agreement to be reviewed annually. 5. Memorandum and articles of association; By-Laws These have not been reviewed for 17 years since incorporation in 1984. It is my suggestion that the next Board might consider reviewing these to determine if any changes are needed. 6. Divisional IAP Web Page By the time of the Board Meeting, our Divisional home page should be up and running under the address "iap-aus.org.au". I drew up and distributed (through Jan) a discussion document to several internet service providers (ISP), including the firm responsible for the College web page, for comments and quotations. I also had discussions with various Board members. Based on cost and proximity to the secretariat, a Sydney-based firm, "webFASTrack", was chosen as the ISP and designer of the Home page. Jan McLean and I have worked closely with Stuart Cole from Remex Consulting (owners of webFASTrack) in designing the page. Already on the web are details of our organization, details of meetings, registration for meetings through Tradevent and some past Newsletters. Links to other key organizations will be established soon. Much still remains to be done. How the site evolves is a matter for Board discussion, especially in regards to placing educational material on the web, and the potential to generate revenue through attracting advertising. 7. Australia Day 2001 Honours Two of our Division's members were recognized in the 2001 Australia Day Honours list. Robin Arthur Cooke, IAP Board member, was awarded a Medal (OAM) in the General Division "for service to medicine and medical education, particularly in the field of pathology". Gabriele Medley was made a Member (AM) in the General Division "for service to medicine and women's health through the Victorian Cytology Service, particularly in the field of cervical cytology and pathology, and to the development of Pap smear testing, reporting and screening programmes". I have written to both extending congratulations on behalf of the Division. 8. Acknowledgements This is my last report to the Board. It has been a privilege to serve as President of this Division of the IAP. I should like to express my appreciation and thanks to all Board members for their willing support over the last 2 years. On behalf of the Division, my thanks go to the Board members who are completing their terms or retiring from the Board Š Ron Newland, Tony Bierre, Rob Kelsall, David Cohn and James Kench. I am indebted to Robin Cooke for his tremendous and ongoing commitment to the 2004 International Congress and for his outstanding work as Editor of our Newsletter. My thanks also to Kon Muller for his excellent advocacy for the Division in his capacity as Regional Vice President. I am grateful for, and appreciative of, the great support of the executive in Rob Eckstein, Con Theocharous, Veli-Matti Marjoniemi, Ron Newland and Robin Cooke. My final and especial thanks go to Jan McLean for her unstinting hard work and support to me over 2 years, and for never complaining about the continual barrage of emails and calls from Perth. It has been a tremendous pleasure and honour to work with you all. Dominic Spagnolo, May 31, 2001
|
| THIS ISSUE CONTINUED ON PAGE 2 | |
